Canadian Council for Refugees
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IMPACT OF THE RIGHT
OF LANDING FEE

FEBRUARY 1997


Introduction

On 28 February 1995 the Right of Landing Fee (ROLF) of $975 was imposed on all adults becoming permanent residents of Canada. This fee was opposed by the Canadian Council for Refugees as discriminatory in effect, because of the vast variance in country and individual income around the world. The distinctive burden on refugees and their families was raised as a particular concern, because of their special needs and problems and because they come to Canada seeking protection from persecution and usually do not have the resources to pay the fee.

The Right of Landing Fee has drawn criticism from many quarters. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees conducted a survey and found no other country imposing such a fee on refugees. The UNHCR raised concerns that refugees' access to protection might hinge on whether they were able to pay fees.

The National Action Committee on the Status of Women has criticized the sexist and racist potential of the tax: "given that we live in a world of great disparities between women and men; between rich and poor; between the "Third World" and the "First World", this head tax will make it difficult for many women, particularly women of colour, to enter or remain in Canada as permanent residents".

In its 1995 Annual Report, the Canadian Human Rights Commission raised concerns about the potential of the ROLF for differential impact on immigrants from poorer countries and about its appropriateness for refugees. "The Minister responsible has undertaken to have his department keep close watch on these potentially discriminatory aspects. For our part, we believe at a minimum that, loan or no loan, a landing fee for refugees is not a good idea" (page 39).

The Liberal Party of Canada, in a resolution adopted at its October 1996 convention, called on the federal government to "re-examine the entry fee of $975, with a view to its reduction or abolishment, as it creates an impediment for those with large families wishing to migrate to Canada, and places a heavy burden on those who are seeking to integrate themselves into the Canadian economy".

A wide range of other organizations have expressed their opposition to the Right of Landing Fee.


Possible effects of the ROLF

Two years after its imposition, it is timely to review the impact of the fee. Three types of effects can be envisaged:
  1. Some people who might otherwise have immigrated to Canada (under the family class or in one of the categories of independent immigrants or as refugees) do not come because the Right of Landing Fee together with processing fees was prohibitive. This is likely to be the case predominantly with economically disadvantaged classes of people and those from parts of the world with income levels markedly inferior to Canadian levels.

  2. Some new permanent residents begin their lives in Canada with a significant debt burden as a result of borrowing money to cover the ROLF. This debt burden may affect their integration into Canadian society.

  3. Some people, notably persons determined to be refugees in Canada, delay their applications for permanent residence or are unable to apply because they cannot gather the money for the ROLF. This will in turn delay or prevent family reunification with spouses and/or children who remain overseas.


Statistical review

Evaluation of the first possible impact (preventing some people from immigrating) would require detailed research because of the many variables and the difficulty in gathering information relating to people who have not come to Canada. Nevertheless, analysis of immigration statistics may be useful for at least raising questions about the possibility of a ROLF impact.

There has been a significant overall drop in applications in the family class since the imposition of the ROLF. Given that applications cannot be counted until the fees, including the ROLF, are paid in full, it is legitimate to ask whether the decrease in rates of application might be attributable to the ROLF.

Family class applications at overseas missions [ 1 ]:


The statistics for applications for spouses only show a slightly smaller, but nonetheless significant drop:

Spousal sponsorship applications at overseas missions


Certain missions that have seen large decreases are in regions where $975 could represent a considerable barrier:

1996 family class applications as percentage of 1994
(1st 3 quarters of each year)
Selected visa posts


It should be noted that some missions saw applications stable or even increasing. For example, Beijing received in 1996 90% of the 1994 rate of family class applications and 111% of spousal applications. At Islamabad family class applications were at 95%, with spousal applications at 107%. However, it is impossible to tell from the statistics whether an overall increase at a mission conceals a drop in applications among certain sectors of the population served by the mission.

Total family applications by region reveal that some regions (Africa, Latin America, Middle East, Caribbean and the Pacific) have seen particularly marked declines.

1996 family class applications as percentage of 1994
(1st 3 quarters of each year)
By region



Study of hardships caused

What follow are the results of some research into the second and third category of impact (creating a heavy debt burden and delaying or preventing the attainment of permanent residence status). The research, which was conducted principally in the summer of 1996, sought to illustrate the impact of the ROLF through case examples. Counsellors at refugee- and immigrant-serving organizations were interviewed about individual experiences known to them. Information was also collected through surveys. A number of organizations submitted details of cases of concern to them. The results highlighted the particular burden of the Right of Landing Fee on some refugees recognized in Canada [ 2 ].

The study was intended to investigate cases of hardship and did not attempt to measure the proportion of refugees facing difficulty as a result of the ROLF. Many refugees are employed or have resources of their own that allow them either to pay the fee outright or to manage regular payments on a loan. This will inevitably involve varying degrees of hardship. The cases outlined below are illustrative of the more desperate types of circumstances. They show how the ROLF puts some refugees in impossible positions, despite their best efforts to cope with the demands placed on them.

It is worth reviewing some facts concerning the Right of Landing Fee as it applies to those recognized as refugees in Canada:

Refugees generally arrive in Canada with minimal financial resources. What assets they had in the home country may have been lost in the course of persecution or used to enable them to flee. Often they will in fact have endebted themselves in order to achieve their escape. Once in Canada they will face many demands on whatever income they have, in addition to regular living expenses:

A summary of key problems that emerge from the study follows:

Some examples of individual experiences are outlined in the 14 cases that follow.


Case 1

A Sri Lankan woman came to Canada in July 95 with 2 children aged 1 and 3 years old. Her husband is still in Sri Lanka. She was accepted as a refugee 6 months after she arrived. She was unable to apply for permanent residence because she did not have enough money. The total cost for the permanent residence application for all four family members is $3150 ($1200 for the processing fees and $1950 for the ROLF).

Since she speaks neither of Canada's official languages and has no family here, her adaptation into Canadian society is hard. She could not find a job because of lack of Canadian work experience and knowledge of French or English. She eventually found a job cleaning houses on weekends, 7 hours per day, while someone in the community looked after her children for free. She generated another source of income by making food at home to sell in shops.

She was able to save $700 from her earnings which was enough to cover the processing fee for herself and her 2 children. However, since she could not save another $500 for her husband's portion of the processing fee, she had to remove his name from the permanent residence application. This decision made her very depressed. She says her husband in Sri Lanka feels helpless; however, he agreed with her that his name should be removed.

Her ROLF loan application was rejected and she became upset because no one would help her pay the ROLF. In order to pay the ROLF, she had to borrow money from people in her community. It was only when people in her community realized that she was earning money through her work endeavour that they began to lend her money because they knew she would have a means of repaying them. Having borrowed money she always felt obliged to do things for her creditors and she felt like a beggar.

With respect to professional development, she was advised by social assistance authorities not to pursue any studies because she had to take care of her two infants. She has not enrolled in French classes because she has two children to care for and she works as a house cleaner and makes food for shops.


Case 2

A couple with 2 children, aged 5 and 17 years, from North Africa were accepted as refugees about 6 months after they arrived in Canada. The family had to pay a total of $3150 in permanent residence fees, $1950 for the ROLF and $1200 in processing fees.

The time between their arrival into Canada and their acceptance as refugees was so short that there was not enough time to find a job and maintain a steady income before the fees were imposed on them.

They applied for a ROLF loan. After a wait of 5-6 weeks, they heard that their application had been refused because they did not have jobs at the time.

They then paid the ROLF out of their welfare income and by borrowing money from friends. At one point in time, the family had neither sufficient food to eat nor money for public transportation. In order to travel from their neighbourhood into town, the wife would stand at the bus stop and wait until a sympathetic bus driver allowed her on the bus without paying. She might have to wait some time before a driver would let her on. During winter, she would enter the convenience store of a gas station located near the bus stop to warm herself before she returned to wait on another bus.

The family went to food shelters which, in their experience, did not supply sufficient food for a household of four every month. At that point in their lives, the wife said that she would settle for a loaf of bread because they often had little to eat.

When her daughter became ill with an ear infection, the wife went to a community agency for money because she did not have $3 to buy the appropriate medication.

The husband began working the night shift in a factory at minimum wage for 2 months until he became ill. As a result, he had to resort to welfare as a means of income. By that time, he had made enough money from his job to pay the processing fees for his permanent residence. The family still had to repay the debt owed to friends for the money borrowed to pay the ROLF.

The wife is trying to find work and is willing to change her profession to do so. Although she would like to develop her skills so that she could be a director in her field, she cannot hope to accomplish this goal. She also notes that refugees are inadmissible from attending certain professional training courses.

In their North African home, both parents had a high socio-economic lifestyle. The husband had a government position and the wife was an airline hostess. The husband's factory job and current living conditions have left him feeling degraded and without confidence.

The family is slowly trying to resolve their economic situation and to accustom themselves to their change in lifestyle. They continue to try to free themselves of the burden of their debts from welfare, their only current source of income.

Case 3

A Pakistani couple fled to Canada with 2 children, leaving 3 others, aged between 10-20 years, behind in Pakistan. Having been accepted as refugees, they applied for permanent residence. Fees were a total of $4825, $2925 for the ROLF and $1900 for the processing fees.

The family's problems in Pakistan related to the kidnapping of one of the sons. He was ransomed for an amount of money equivalent to most of the family's assets. They then used their remaining resources to escape to Canada. They could only afford to bring 2 of the children, including the son who was kidnapped. It was very difficult to decide which children should stay in Pakistan and which children should accompany the parents to Canada.

Although the husband was a very successful businessman in Pakistan, by the time he arrived in Canada he had almost no money left.

He applied for a ROLF loan. His application was accepted. However he anticipates that repaying the loan will be a burden on him and that it will prolong the time it will take for him to settle into the Canadian community.

The family is on welfare while the husband takes French courses. The wife who is traumatized by the kidnapping of her son, is not in good health and cannot work.

At the moment, the father cannot think of professional development. He is constantly thinking of his children back home and the possible danger that they could be in because of his first son's abduction. Thinking about his children's welfare is very stressful and his primary concern is to make enough money so that he can buy tickets to bring his children to Canada.

Case 4

A man from Peru was recognized as a refugee in June 96. He has a wife and two children in Peru who he has included on his permanent residence application. The total cost for the family is $3150 which includes $1200 for the processing fee and $1950 for the ROLF.

He applied for a ROLF loan in December 1995. After considerable administrative confusion he received a negative answer on his request.

This man has been working since 1993 and has a good salary. He therefore has the ability to repay the loan. He has decided to present another loan application. However, he is surprised by the difficulty he has had and discouraged by the results.

Case 5

A man from Afghanistan was accepted as a refugee in Canada and applied for permanent residence. His wife and 2 dependent children, who are refugees in Pakistan, are waiting to be reunited with him. The total cost of the permanent residence fees were $3150, $1950 for the ROLF and $1200 for the processing fees.

In Afghanistan, the husband was a diplomat by profession. Despite his professional status, academic background and work experience, he feels helpless in Canada. He has tried looking for jobs in his field to no avail and has had to settle for a job at minimum wage. In order to support himself as well as his family in Pakistan, he works 50-60 hours per week for minimum wage in an ice cream shop.

He did not apply for a ROLF loan because he thought that his application would be refused. He feared a denial of his loan request on the basis that the government would question his ability to support his wife and 2 children once they arrived in Canada if he did not have enough money to secure the processing fees and ROLF.

He would like to study in Canada to get a better job. However, in order to pay the processing fees and the ROLF he has had to borrow money from different friends. He was reluctant to borrow because it offended his dignity: for him, borrowing money was the same as begging. Through the influence of a respected member of his community, he was convinced to borrow money from his friends. He feels uncomfortable meeting his friends because he is constantly tormented by the idea that every time his friends see him, they are thinking about their money. He has been repaying the loan ever since he borrowed the money 18 months ago.

His expenses include monthly rent, repaying the loan to friends (at no interest), and sending $200 a month to his wife and 2 children in Pakistan. This money feeds his immediate family and puts his children through school in Pakistan. There are in addition further expenses related to immigration processing for his family: fees for police and medical reports, including the bribes necessary to obtain these documents in Pakistan.

With respect to applying for a transportation loan for his wife and children, he would rather take another loan from friends because he wants to avoid delays in the loan request process. At this point, he is finding himself helpless and hopeless.

Due to the many delays that have been created through processing his permanent residence application, acquiring the money to pay the required permanent residence fees as well as medical examination fees for his wife and children in Pakistan, the man's children in Pakistan have been inquiring about their father's reliability. Questions like, "When is Daddy coming to bring us to Canada ?" and "When can we see our Daddy ?" instigate doubt in his wife. The man reports that his wife cries often because she does not know what her husband is doing in Canada. His children are psychologically affected by his absence. All these delays depress him. As refugees without permanent status in Pakistan, his family is constantly vulnerable and subjected to demands for bribes from officials.

The husband in Canada is currently living below the poverty line. When asked about his own health, it seems that he has no perception of his own well-being because of his preoccupation with all the pressures on him.


Case 6

A widowed woman from Iran arrived in Canada in January 1995 with one adult child and two minor children. They received refugee status six months after they arrived. The fees for their permanent residence come to $3150, $1950 for the ROLF and $1200 for the processing fee.

In Iran, this woman was a teacher by profession, but in Canada she is on welfare. She found it difficult to support her family when they first arrived because she did not speak either French or English. She is now enrolled in a French course and her children are in school. She is also looking into teaching positions in various Iranian schools in the city. Her adult daughter is working as a waitress and taking courses part-time with hopes of going to university. Her daughter's income is a small contribution to the family's daily survival.

Although the mother was embarrassed about applying for a ROLF loan, her counsellor convinced her that it would be the best solution. She waited a month and half for a reply and during this time, she feared that her loan application would be rejected. She knew that if her application was refused, she would have to resort to begging people to lend her money or, in the worst case scenario, sell her personal belongings. Her application was eventually approved. Her potential to work as a teacher in an Iranian school in Montreal and the fact that her daughter is earning a salary as a waitress may have improved the chances of her application being approved. She is now required to repay the loan in $97 instalments per month. She anticipates that she could fully reimburse the loan in one to two years.

She budgets her welfare income so that she does not have to rely on food banks to feed the family. However, their welfare income is insufficient to consider saving towards their permanent residence fees. In addition to basic expenses such as rent, utilities, and food, one of this woman's younger daughters has a thyroid problem which requires that she purchase an expensive medication every month.

This woman is primarily upset because the civil unrest in Iran has forced her to leave her country and secondly, she must pay an amount of money that she does not have. She therefore visits a community centre for emotional guidance, counsellors to help her make decisions, and encouragement.


Case 7

A Peruvian couple with one school-aged child arrived in Canada in June 1995. When they fled Peru they were only able to take a few belongings with them. Having paid for their plane tickets, they arrived in Canada with almost no money. Their lives here began in crisis as a result of their flight from Peru and they worried about the outcome of their refugee status application.

They were accepted as refugees in April 1996. The next hurdle was to apply for permanent residence. They are required to pay $3050 in permanent residence fees, $1950 for the ROLF and $1100 for the processing fees.

The family paid some of the processing fee by saving from their welfare cheque and then borrowed the remaining amount from a relative. When they realized that they had no money to pay the ROLF, they worked together with a counsellor to create a monthly budget. The budget allowed them to save up to $100 from their monthly expenses. One of the items they reduced was food.

They applied for a ROLF loan in April 96 and it was approved in May 96. Since the loan has been accepted, they envision that the next few months will be peaceful. However, when the family begins repaying the loan, they will feel a strain on their finances and then their worries will begin all over again. They plan to use the $100 in monthly savings to reimburse their ROLF loan. The family has already begun their first year in Canada with 2 debts, one to the government and the other to a relative. They anticipate that they can repay the ROLF loan in the next 2 years.

The husband was a journalist in Peru with 30 years experience and the wife was a teacher. The couple are taking French courses which are scheduled in the morning, 5 days a week. Every day after his French courses, the husband volunteers 3 hours of his time as a journalist for a Spanish publication.

Although the husband has not been able to find a paid position in Canada, he is interested in learning French and, through his volunteer journalism, becoming more integrated into the Canadian society. As soon as the family is accepted as permanent residents, the wife has plans to take a professional course in child care.

Case 8

A single woman, a widow, from Bangladesh, was accepted as a refugee in July 96. She then applied for permanent residence for herself and her 15 year old child who is with her in Canada. She has 2 older children in Bangladesh aged 24 and 25.

The total cost for her and her 15 year old child is $1575, $600 for the processing fees and $975 for the ROLF.

She did not apply for a ROLF loan because she had been informed by others in her community that the process would take too long.

In Bangladesh, this woman operated a sewing school. In Canada, she is unemployed and looking for work. A community agency arranged a job for her; however, she found that she was exploited by her employers who paid her only $7 for every 12 caps she handmade.

She and her son have taken French courses. During the time that she was enrolled in the French courses, she would have to go home every evening and work on making her caps. She sends a portion of her welfare to support her children in Bangladesh.


Case 9

A 71 year old woman arrived in Canada from the former Soviet Union in 1995 and was accepted as a refugee in 1996. Her permanent residence fees amount to $1475, $975 for the ROLF and $500 for the processing fees.

She lost everything she owned in the former Soviet Union and arrived in Canada speaking neither of Canada's official languages.

She is living on welfare and managed to save $200 from her monthly cheques and borrowed $300 in order to pay the processing fee. She applied for a ROLF loan but was refused. She was already going through a period of crisis that left her emotionally drained. This refusal was the last straw that brought her to the point of contemplating suicide. With the help of her counsellor, she wrote a letter to the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration explaining her dire situation. The reply which came about two months later was only a negative response to this woman's plea for help and understanding.

In the end, the woman and her counsellor asked two parishes to contribute money to pay the ROLF, which they donated.

Case 10

A single woman, a widow, from Bangladesh has applied for permanent residence for herself and for her 3 children (2 minors and 1 over 19 years) who are still in Bangladesh. She owes a total of $3150, $1200 for the processing fees and $1950 for the ROLF.

She did not apply for a ROLF loan because she was informed that the process would take too long. She eventually borrowed money to pay the ROLF.

Although she was a lawyer in Bangladesh, she has had to do odd jobs such as babysitting and taking of a sick woman, in order to repay the personal loan.

Since arriving in Canada she has taken French classes and computer courses. She is interested in a career in catering.


Case 11

A Bangladeshi couple with two minor children arrived in Canada in 1995. They purchased their tickets to Canada with a "transport loan" that was provided, at a high interest rate, by the Bangladeshi community in Canada. The family was accepted as refugees in March 1996. They had until August 1996 to submit their permanent residence application, for a total cost of $3150, $1950 for the ROLF and $1200 for the processing fees.

They did not apply for a ROLF loan because they thought that their application would not be approved. Instead, they borrowed money from the Bangladeshi community. Asking for more money from their community in Canada made them feel belittled and frustrated.

The 2 minor children are enrolled in school. One child is having health problems and must attend physiotherapy once a week. The father was diagnosed with kidney cancer in Canada, and has had two operations since their arrival. He is now terminally ill.

Both parents operated a family business in Bangladesh. Neither parent is now working. The father had a job in Canada but has not worked since he was diagnosed with cancer. He is feeling powerless because he cannot work due to his illness. The mother has not been working because she takes her daughter to physiotherapy once a week and then must accompany her husband to the hospital for chemotherapy twice a week. The mother has no plans or hopes to find a job because she is concerned with the care of her daughter and her husband.

With all the family illnesses, the mother must still support the family. She feels completely exhausted and almost incapable of supporting the family. She does not speak much English or any French.

Monthly expenses in the household include rent, electricity, medication, and the taxi fare to transport her daughter and husband to and from the hospital. At this point in the family's life, they cannot be completely self-sufficient in Canada. The anxiety associated with having to pay the head tax worsens the family's already desperate situation.


Case 12

A divorced woman and her minor child arrived in Canada in April 1995 and were accepted as refugees in November of the same year. She arrived without any financial resources and has been relying on welfare as her only source of income. The fees for the permanent residence application for herself and her son amount to $1575, $975 for the ROLF and $600 for the processing fees.

She paid the $500 processing fee by saving from her welfare and borrowing the rest. She applied for a ROLF loan and waited. The waiting period created a new stress after the anxiety of the refugee determination process. After 2 months, she heard that her request had been approved.

This woman feels that her suffering - being forced to leave Kazakhstan and worrying about whether she would be accepted as a refugee - was prolonged by the ROLF. She was depressed and contemplated suicide.

In Kazakhstan, she was an experienced researcher in the field of health and the environment. She has begun taking French courses and once they are completed, she plans to enroll in professional courses. Although she still does not have a job, she is saving a portion of her welfare so that she will be able to repay the loan. Despite all these setbacks, she has hopes of attaining self-sufficiency in Canada.


Case 13

A woman of Russian descent from Cuba has made an application for permanent residence for herself and her 2 minor children, who are currently in Cuba. When she was accepted as a refugee, she was receiving $475 a month in welfare of which approximately $350 was used in rent. She fell into a deep depression because the total permanent residence fee that she had to pay was $1675, $700 for the processing fees and $975 for the ROLF.

The bank refused to grant her a loan because she did not have a monthly income. Her application for a ROLF loan was likewise refused.

During this period the woman felt frustrated and powerless and she made frequent visits to a community agency for moral support. When she first came to the agency, the counsellor suggested that she take food donations in order to save some of her welfare income to pay for a work permit. She also came to the agency for children's clothes to send back to Cuba.

Bringing her children to Canada is a priority for her and each time she received a letter from the government that suggested there would be another delay or fee to pay, she would get more depressed. The counsellor described how the woman was in despair and discouraged as she cried in the counsellor's office during her first visit. She did not have links to people in North America from whom she could borrow money.

She was working in Cuba as a university science professor before she arrived in Canada. Her languages of fluency are Russian and Spanish. She took French lessons on arrival in Canada but does not speak enough to qualify in her own profession. When looking for work, she was informed on several occasions that she was over-qualified. She eventually found work in a factory.


Case 14

A man from Algeria was accepted as a refugee in 1995. He submitted a permanent residence application that also includes his spouse and two minor children who are still in Algeria. He was in Canada for 4 months before being accepted as a refugee. He then had 6 months in which to submit his application for permanent residence. The total permanent residence fee for the family is $3150, $1200 for the processing fees and $1950 for the ROLF.

He applied for a ROLF loan. After a month of waiting for a reply from Vegreville, his application was refused. During this month, he was trying to find a job. The friends that he knows in Canada were not in a position to lend him money because they were in a similar situation. Finally he was able to borrow the full amount from his brother in the U.S.

He is on welfare at a monthly income of $500. His expenses include paying rent in a one-room apartment, which he shares with another person to cut down on rental costs. He has not had to go to a food bank and sends a portion of his welfare to support his wife and children in Algeria.

In Algeria he worked as an accountant. On arrival in Canada he was financially and emotionally reduced to almost nothing. The threat of violence or death in Algeria is so imminent that his wife and children are in hiding. His friends and mother in Algeria must bring his wife and children food. He is very anxious because he knows that if he does not pay the permanent residence fees and bring his wife and children to Canada, they will certainly run the risk of being killed in Algeria. He is in a state of depression because he is not with his family.

This man visited a counsellor 2-3 times a week so that the counsellor could assist him with job searches. The man has since moved to Sherbrooke where he is looking for work, since he was not able to find work in Montreal.


In brief:


Reports from workers in two specific refugee communities

What follow are some of the observations made by workers specializing in two different communities.

RESOLUTION 12. HEAD TAX

WHEREAS:
  1. The Right of Landing fee is discriminatory, exclusionary and racist because of the vast variance in country and individual income around the world;

  2. A refugee is accepted or selected for landing in Canada in order to provide protection against persecution, and usually has neither the cash nor a source of income with which to pay the right of landing fee;

  3. Refugees processed through the inland determination system are already subjected to other heavy processing fees;

  4. The Minister in his address to Parliament in November 1994 acknowledged that refugees have special needs and problems;

  5. The UNHCR has documented that no other country in the world charges landing fees to refugees;

THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the CCR:

  1. Call for a repeal of the Right of Landing Fee for all newcomers accepted for landing in Canada;

  2. Urge the federal government to recognize the distinctive burden that the "head tax" lays on refugees and their families.

ADOPTED BY THE CANADIAN COUNCIL FOR REFUGEES
May 1995


Acknowledgements
The Canadian Council for Refugees thanks Catherine Poku, researcher, for her excellent work on this project. The study would not have been possible without the generous participation of the following organizations:

Action Réfugiés Montréal
ALPA - Accueil Liaison pour Arrivants
Amitié Chinois de Montréal
Association Islamique des Afghans du Québec
Bureau de la Communauté Chrétienne des Haïtiens de Montréal
C.A.R.I. St. Laurent - Centre d'Accueil et de Réference pour Immigrants
Calgary Immigrant Aid Society
Carrefour d'aide aux réfugiés C.S.C.
Centre Culturel et Communautaire des Iraniens
Centre d'Action Bénévole de Montréal Nord
Centre d'Appui aux Communautés Immigrantes de Bordeaux-Carterville
Centre des Femmes de Montréal
Centre Multi-Ethnique de Notre-Dame-de-Grace
CLAM - Carrefour de Liasion d'Aide Multi-Ethnique
Comité d'aide aux réfugiés
Communauté Rwandaise de Montréal
CSAI - Centre social d'aide aux réfugiés
L'Hirondelle
Kingston and District Immigrant Services
La Maison d'Haïti
La Maisonnée
Maison l'Amitié/RIVO
Manitoba Interfaith Immigration Council, Inc.
Mennonite Coalition for Refugee Support
OCISO - Ottawa-Carleton Immigrant Services Organization
PROMIS - Promotion Integration Societe Nouvelle
SAIMOC - Société d'Aide aux Immigrants du Moyen-Orient du Canada
SANQI - Service d'Aide aux Néo-Québécois et Immigrants
South Asian Women's Community Centre of Montreal
Storefront Orientation Services
United Church of Canada, BC Conference
Windsor Refugee Office
WUSC - World University Service of Canada
Footnotes:

  1. Statistics were generated by CIC 10 Jan. 1997. Since final quarter statistics are presumably incomplete, comparisons have been made using first three-quarters. BACK
  2. Refugees selected overseas are in a slightly different situation: they will often arrive in Canada with a large debt owed to the government of Canada for both their travel to Canada and for the ROLF. The study did not uncover many cases of refugees selected overseas. This may be in part because of the built-in delay: only those whose files were opened after February 1995 will owe money for the fee. Furthermore, repayment is not due until some time after their arrival in Canada.BACK

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